Uzdensky 2013 极端天体物理环境下的等离子体物理

主要内容:
包括磁星、超新星和伽马暴的中心引擎。主要是MHD，主要是解析分析。

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Title:		Plasma Physics of Extreme Astrophysical Environments
Authors:		Uzdensky, Dmitri A.; Rightley, Shane
Publication:		eprint arXiv:1401.5110
Publication Date:		01/2014
Origin:		ARXIV
Keywords:		Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Physics - Plasma Physics
Comment:		56 pages, 1 figure. Invited review accepted for publication in Reports on Progress in Physics
Bibliographic Code:		2014arXiv1401.5110U

Abstract

Certain classes of astrophysical objects, namely magnetars and central engines of supernovae and gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), are characterized by extreme physical conditions not encountered elsewhere in the Universe. In particular, they possess magnetic fields that exceed the critical quantum field of 44 teragauss. Figuring out how these complex ultra-magnetized systems work requires understanding various plasma processes, both small-scale kinetic and large-scale magnetohydrodynamic (MHD). However, an ultra-strong magnetic field modifies the underlying physics to such an extent that many relevant plasma-physical problems call for building QED-based relativistic quantum plasma physics. In this review, after describing the extreme astrophysical systems of interest and identifying the key relevant plasma-physical problems, we survey the recent progress in the development of such a theory. We discuss how a super-critical field modifies the properties of vacuum and matter and outline the basic theoretical framework for describing both non-relativistic and relativistic quantum plasmas. We then turn to astrophysical applications of relativistic QED plasma physics relevant to magnetar magnetospheres and central engines of supernovae and long GRBs. Specifically, we discuss propagation of light through a magnetar magnetosphere; large-scale MHD processes driving magnetar activity and GRB jet launching and propagation; energy-transport processes governing the thermodynamics of extreme plasma environments; micro-scale kinetic plasma processes important in the interaction of intense magnetospheric electric currents with a magnetar's surface; and magnetic reconnection of ultra-strong magnetic fields. Finally, we point out that future progress will require the development of numerical modeling capabilities.

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Remillard 2006 黑洞双星的X射线辐射

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一些黑洞双星的大小

20个确认了的黑洞

Q形图

其中某个的光变和谱

高频QPO

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Title:		X-Ray Properties of Black-Hole Binaries
Authors:		Remillard, Ronald A.; McClintock, Jeffrey E.
Publication:		Annual Review of Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol. 44, Issue 1, pp.49-92 (Annual Reviews Homepage)
Publication Date:		09/2006
Origin:		ARAA
DOI:		10.1146/annurev.astro.44.051905.092532
Bibliographic Code:		2006ARA&A..44...49R

Abstract

We review the properties and behavior of 20 X-ray binaries that contain a dynamically-confirmed black hole, 17 of which are transient systems. During the past decade, many of these transient sources were observed daily throughout the course of their typically year-long outburst cycles using the large-area timing detector aboard the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer. The evolution of these transient sources is complex. Nevertheless, there are behavior patterns common to all of them as we show in a comprehensive comparison of six selected systems. Central to this comparison are three X-ray states of accretion, which are reviewed and defined quantitatively. We discuss phenomena that arise in strong gravitational fields, including relativistically-broadened Fe lines, high-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations (100 450 Hz), and relativistic radio and X-ray jets. Such phenomena show us how a black hole interacts with its environment, thereby complementing the picture of black holes that gravitational wave detectors will provide. We sketch a scenario for the potential impact of timing/spectral studies of accreting black holes on physics and discuss a current frontier topic, namely, the measurement of black hole spin.

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Mirabel 1999 银河系中的相对论性喷流

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当时（1999年）就这几个源，而且都是大角度指向的。

theta的含义。

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Title:		Sources of Relativistic Jets in the Galaxy
Authors:		Mirabel, I. F.; Rodríguez, L. F.
Affiliation:		AA(Centre d'Études de Saclay, CEA/DSM/DAPNIA/Sap, Gif-sur-Yvette, F-91191 France; and Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio C.C. 67, Suc. 28. 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina mirabel@discovery.saclay.cea.fr), AB(Instituto de Astronomía, UNAM, Apdo. 04510 México, México D.F., Postal 70-264 luisfr@astrosmo.unam.mx)
Publication:		Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 37, pp. 409-443. (Annual Reviews Homepage)
Publication Date:		00/1999
Origin:		ARA&A
Keywords:		RADIO CONTINUUM STARS, SUPERLUMINAL MOTION, X-RAYS BINARIES
DOI:		10.1146/annurev.astro.37.1.409
Bibliographic Code:		1999ARA&A..37..409M

Abstract

Black holes of stellar mass and neutron stars in binary systems are first detected as hard X-ray sources using high-energy space telescopes. Relativistic jets in some of these compact sources are found by means of multiwavelength observations with ground-based telescopes. The X-ray emission probes the inner accretion disk and immediate surroundings of the compact object, whereas the synchrotron emission from the jets is observed in the radio and infrared bands, and in the future could be detected at even shorter wavelengths. Black-hole X-ray binaries with relativistic jets mimic, on a much smaller scale, many of the phenomena seen in quasars and are thus called microquasars. Because of their proximity, their study opens the way for a better understanding of the relativistic jets seen elsewhere in the Universe. From the observation of two-sided moving jets it is inferred that the ejecta in microquasars move with relativistic speeds similar to those believed to be present in quasars. The simultaneous multiwavelength approach to microquasars reveals in short timescales the close connection between instabilities in the accretion disk seen in the X-rays, and the ejection of relativistic clouds of plasma observed as synchrotron emission at longer wavelengths. Besides contributing to a deeper understanding of accretion disks and jets, microquasars may serve in the future to determine the distances of jet sources using constraints from special relativity, and the spin of black holes using general relativity.

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Ellis, John 2011 用切伦科夫望远镜看GRB和AGN的洛伦兹违背

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Title:		Probes of Lorentz Violation
Authors:		Ellis, John; Mavromatos, Nick E.
Publication:		eprint arXiv:1111.1178
Publication Date:		11/2011
Origin:		ARXIV
Keywords:		Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Comment:		17 pages, 2 figures, submitted to Astroparticle Physics Topical Issue: Cherenkov Telescope Array
Bibliographic Code:		2011arXiv1111.1178E

Abstract

Lorentz invariance is such an important principle of fundamental physics that it should constantly be subjected to experimental scrutiny as well as theoretical questioning. Distant astrophysical sources of energetic photons with rapid time variations, such as active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and gamma-ray bursters (GRBs), provide ideal experimental opportunities for testing Lorentz invariance. The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) is an excellent experimental tool for making such tests with sensitivities exceeding those possible using other detectors.

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Rosswog 2010 双星并和时候的核合成

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Title:		Compact binary mergers: an astrophysical perspective
Authors:		Rosswog, S.
Publication:		eprint arXiv:1012.0912
Publication Date:		12/2010
Origin:		ARXIV
Keywords:		Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Nuclear Theory
Comment:		22 pages, 2 figures, invited review at "Nuclei in the Cosmos" (NIC XI)
Bibliographic Code:		2010arXiv1012.0912R

Abstract

This paper reviews the current understanding of double neutron star and neutron star black hole binaries. It addresses mainly (nuclear) astrophysics aspects of compact binary mergers and thus complements recent reviews that have emphasized the numerical relativity viewpoint. In particular, the paper discusses different channels to release neutron-rich matter into the host galaxy, connections between compact binary mergers and short Gamma-ray bursts and accompanying electromagnetic signals.

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Michelson 2010 Fermi第一年的结果

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Title:		Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope: high-energy results from the first year
Authors:		Michelson, P. F.; Atwood, W. B.; Ritz, S.
Affiliation:		AA(Department of Physics, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, and W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA peterm@stanford.edu), AB(Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA atwood@scipp.ucsc.edu), AC(Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA ritz@scipp.ucsc.edu)
Publication:		Reports on Progress in Physics, Volume 73, Issue 7, pp. 074901 (2010).
Publication Date:		07/2010
Origin:		IOP
DOI:		10.1088/0034-4885/73/7/074901
Bibliographic Code:		2010RPPh...73g4901M

Abstract

The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (Fermi) was launched on 11 June 2008 and began its first year sky survey on 11 August 2008. The Large Area Telescope (LAT), a wide field-of-view pair-conversion telescope covering the energy range from 20 MeV to more than 300 GeV, is the primary instrument on Fermi. While this review focuses on results obtained with the LAT, the Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) complements the LAT in its observations of transient sources and is sensitive to x-rays and γ-rays with energies between 8 keV and 40 MeV. During the first year in orbit, the Fermi LAT has observed a large number of sources that include active galaxies, pulsars, compact binaries, globular clusters, supernova remnants as well as the Sun, the Moon and the Earth. The GBM and LAT together have uncovered surprising characteristics in the high-energy emission of gamma-ray bursts that have been used to set significant new limits on violations of Lorentz invariance. The Fermi LAT has also made important new measurements of the Galactic diffuse radiation and has made precise measurements of the spectrum of cosmic-ray electrons and positrons from 20 GeV to 1 TeV.

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De Zotti, Gianfranco 2009 射电巡天

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包括伽玛暴射电余辉

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Title:		Radio and Millimeter Continuum Surveys and their Astrophysical Implications
Authors:		De Zotti, Gianfranco; Massardi, Marcella; Negrello, Mattia; Wall, Jasper
Publication:		eprint arXiv:0908.1896
Publication Date:		08/2009
Origin:		ARXIV
Keywords:		Astrophysics - Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Galaxy Astrophysics
Comment:		75 pages, 13 figures, to appear on ARRv
Bibliographic Code:		2009arXiv0908.1896D

Abstract

We review the statistical properties of the main populations of radio sources, as emerging from radio and millimeter sky surveys. Recent determinations of local luminosity functions are presented and compared with earlier estimates still in widespread use. A number of unresolved issues are discussed. These include: the (possibly luminosity-dependent) decline of source space densities at high redshifts; the possible dichotomies between evolutionary properties of low- versus high-luminosity and of flat- versus steep-spectrum AGN-powered radio sources; and the nature of sources accounting for the upturn of source counts at sub-mJy levels. It is shown that straightforward extrapolations of evolutionary models, accounting for both the far-IR counts and redshift distributions of star-forming galaxies, match the radio source counts at flux-density levels of tens of microJy remarkably well. We consider the statistical properties of rare but physically very interesting classes of sources, such as GHz Peak Spectrum and ADAF/ADIOS sources, and radio afterglows of gamma-ray bursts. We also discuss the exploitation of large-area radio surveys to investigate large scale structure through studies of clustering and the Integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect. Finally we briefly describe the potential of the new and forthcoming generations of radio telescopes. A compendium of source counts at different frequencies is given in an appendix.

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Blumenthal 1970 极端相对论电子的辐射

主要内容:
包括轫致辐射, 逆康普顿和同步的公式推导. 很有用.

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Title:		Bremsstrahlung, Synchrotron Radiation, and Compton Scattering of High-Energy Electrons Traversing Dilute Gases
Authors:		Blumenthal, George R.; Gould, Robert J.
Affiliation:		AA(Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037), AB(Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037 and School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, N. S. W., Australia 2006)
Publication:		Reviews of Modern Physics, vol. 42, Issue 2, pp. 237-271 (RvMP Homepage)
Publication Date:		00/1970
Origin:		APS
Abstract Copyright:		(c) 1970: The American Physical Society
Comment:		A&AA ID. AAA003.022.080
DOI:		10.1103/RevModPhys.42.237
Bibliographic Code:		1970RvMP...42..237B

Abstract

Expressions are derived for the total energy loss and photon-production spectrum by the processes of Compton scattering, bremsstrahlung, and synchrotron radiation from highly relativistic electrons. For Compton scattering, the general case, the Thomson limit, and the extreme Klein-Nishina limit are considered. Bremsstrahlung is treated for the cases where the electron is scattered by a pure Coulomb field and by an atom. For the latter case the effects of shielding are discussed extensively. The synchrotron spectrum is derived for an electron moving in a circular orbit perpendicular to the magnetic field and also for the general case where the electron's motion is helical. The total photon-production spectrum is derived for each process when there is a power-law distribution of electron energies. The problems of the effects of the three processes on the electron distribution itself are considered. It is shown that if the electron loses a small fraction of its energy in a single occurrence of a process, the electron distribution function satisfies a continuity equation which is a differential equation in energy space. For the more general case where the electron can lose energy in discrete amounts (as in bremsstrahlung and extreme Klein-Nishina Compton losses), the electron distribution function satisfies an integro-differential equation. Some approximate solutions to this equation are derived for certain special cases.

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Dermer 的高能书

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介绍的挺全的， 包括辐射机制（康普顿，同步。。。），粒子加速机制（一阶，二阶费米加速），光子和粒子间的三种碰撞，黑洞。

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Olinto 2009 White Paper on Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays

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Title:		White Paper on Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays
Authors:		Olinto, A. V.; Adams, J. H.; Dermer, C. D.; Krizmanic, J. F.; Mitchell, J. W.; Sommers, P.; Stanev, T.; Stecker, F. W.; Takahashi, Y.
Publication:		eprint arXiv:0903.0205
Publication Date:		03/2009
Origin:		ARXIV
Keywords:		Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics
Comment:		8 pages, Submitted to Astro 2010
Bibliographic Code:		2009arXiv0903.0205O

Abstract

A fundamental question that can be answered in the next decade is: WHAT IS THE ORIGIN OF THE HIGHEST ENERGY COSMIC PARTICLES? The discovery of the sources of the highest energy cosmic rays will reveal the workings of the most energetic astrophysical environments in the recent universe. Candidate sources range from the birth of compact objects to explosions related to gamma-ray bursts or generated around supermassive black holes in active galactic nuclei. In addition to beginning a new era of high-energy astrophysics, the study of ultra-high energy cosmic rays will constrain the structure of the Galactic and extragalactic magnetic fields. The propagation of these particles from source to Earth also probes the cosmic background radiation and gives insight into particle interactions at orders of magnitude higher energy than can be achieved in terrestrial laboratories. Next generation observatories designed to study the highest energy cosmic rays will have unprecedented sensitivity to ultra-high energy photons and neutrinos, which will further illuminate the workings of the universe at the most extreme energies. For this challenge to be met during the 2010-2020 decade, a significant increase in the integrated exposure to cosmic rays above 6 1019 eV will be necessary. The technical capabilities for answering this open question are at hand and the time is ripe for exploring Charged Particle Astronomy.

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Hoffman 2008 高能中微子望远镜

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Title:		High Energy Neutrino Telescopes
Authors:		Hoffman, K. D.
Publication:		eprint arXiv:0812.3809
Publication Date:		12/2008
Origin:		ARXIV
Keywords:		Astrophysics
Comment:		33 pages, 21 figures, accepted for publication in the New Journal of Physics
Bibliographic Code:		2008arXiv0812.3809H

Abstract

This paper presents a review of the history, motivation and current status of high energy neutrino telescopes. Many years after these detectors were first conceived, the operation of kilometer-cubed scale detectors is finally on the horizon at both the South Pole and in the Mediterranean Sea. These new detectors will perhaps provide us the first view of high energy astrophysical objects with a new messenger particle and provide us with our first real glimpse of the distant universe at energies above those accessible by gamma-ray instruments. Some of the topics that can be addressed by these new instruments include the origin of cosmic rays, the nature of dark matter, and the mechanisms at work in high energy astrophysical objects such as gamma-ray bursts, active galactic nuclei, pulsar wind nebula and supernova remnants.

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Blumenthal 1970 相对论电子的辐射机制

主要内容:
包括Bremsstrahlung, Synchrotron Radiation, and Compton Scattering. 可以作为一片经典的参考文献.

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Title:		Bremsstrahlung, Synchrotron Radiation, and Compton Scattering of High-Energy Electrons Traversing Dilute Gases
Authors:		Blumenthal, George R.; Gould, Robert J.
Affiliation:		AA(Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037), AB(Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037 and School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, N. S. W., Australia 2006)
Publication:		Reviews of Modern Physics, vol. 42, Issue 2, pp. 237-271 (RvMP Homepage)
Publication Date:		00/1970
Origin:		APS
Abstract Copyright:		(c) 1970: The American Physical Society
Comment:		A&AA ID. AAA003.022.080
DOI:		10.1103/RevModPhys.42.237
Bibliographic Code:		1970RvMP...42..237B

Abstract

Expressions are derived for the total energy loss and photon-production spectrum by the processes of Compton scattering, bremsstrahlung, and synchrotron radiation from highly relativistic electrons. For Compton scattering, the general case, the Thomson limit, and the extreme Klein-Nishina limit are considered. Bremsstrahlung is treated for the cases where the electron is scattered by a pure Coulomb field and by an atom. For the latter case the effects of shielding are discussed extensively. The synchrotron spectrum is derived for an electron moving in a circular orbit perpendicular to the magnetic field and also for the general case where the electron's motion is helical. The total photon-production spectrum is derived for each process when there is a power-law distribution of electron energies. The problems of the effects of the three processes on the electron distribution itself are considered. It is shown that if the electron loses a small fraction of its energy in a single occurrence of a process, the electron distribution function satisfies a continuity equation which is a differential equation in energy space. For the more general case where the electron can lose energy in discrete amounts (as in bremsstrahlung and extreme Klein-Nishina Compton losses), the electron distribution function satisfies an integro-differential equation. Some approximate solutions to this equation are derived for certain special cases.

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Wang 2008 超新星的spectropolarimetry

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Title:		Spectropolarimetry of Supernovae
Authors:		Wang, Lifan; Wheeler, J. Craig
Publication:		Annual Review of Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol. 46, Issue 1, pp.433-474 (Annual Reviews Homepage)
Publication Date:		09/2008
Origin:		WEB
DOI:		10.1146/annurev.astro.46.060407.145139
Bibliographic Code:		2008ARA&A..46..433W

Abstract

Overwhelming evidence has accumulated in recent years that supernova explosions are intrinsically three-dimensional phenomena with significant departures from spherical symmetry. We review the evidence derived from spectropolarimetry that has established several key results: Virtually all supernovae are significantly aspherical near maximum light; core-collapse supernovae behave differently than thermonuclear (Type Ia) supernovae; the asphericity of core-collapse supernovae is more pronounced in the inner layers, showing that the explosion process is strongly aspherical; core-collapse supernovae tend to establish a preferred direction of asymmetry; and the asphericity is stronger in the outer layers of thermonuclear supernovae, providing constraints on the burning process. We emphasize the utility of the Q/U plane as a diagnostic tool and revisit SN 1987A and SN 1993J in a contemporary context. An axially symmetric geometry can explain many basic features of core-collapse supernovae, but significant departures from axial symmetry are needed to explain most events. We introduce a spectropolarimetry type to classify the range of behavior observed in polarized supernovae. Understanding asymmetries in supernovae is important for phenomena as diverse as the origins of gamma-ray bursts and the cosmological applications of Type Ia supernovae in studies of the dynamics of the universe.

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