Trippe 2014 关于偏振的综述

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Title:		Polarization and Polarimetry: A Review
Authors:		Trippe, S.
Publication:		eprint arXiv:1401.1911
Publication Date:		01/2014
Origin:		ARXIV
Keywords:		Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Comment:		25 pages, 5 figures; review article, to appear in JKAS (received 30 August 2013; revised 17 December 2013; accepted 28 December 2013)
Bibliographic Code:		2014arXiv1401.1911T

Abstract

Polarization is a basic property of light and is fundamentally linked to the internal geometry of a source of radiation. Polarimetry complements photometric, spectroscopic, and imaging analyses of sources of radiation and has made possible multiple astrophysical discoveries. In this article I review (i) the physical basics of polarization: electromagnetic waves, photons, and parameterizations; (ii) astrophysical sources of polarization: scattering, synchrotron radiation, active media, and the Zeeman, Goldreich-Kylafis, and Hanle effects, as well as interactions between polarization and matter (like birefringence, Faraday rotation, or the Chandrasekhar-Fermi effect); (iii) observational methodology: on-sky geometry, influence of atmosphere and instrumental polarization, polarization statistics, and observational techniques for radio, optical, and X/gamma wavelengths; and (iv) science cases for astronomical polarimetry: solar and stellar physics, planetary system bodies, interstellar matter, astrobiology, astronomical masers, pulsars, galactic magnetic fields, gamma-ray bursts, active galactic nuclei, and cosmic microwave background radiation.

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Gao, He 2013 一个完整的外激波各种情形下的同步辐射公式

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Title:		A complete reference of the analytical synchrotron external shock models of gamma-ray bursts
Authors:		Gao, He; Lei, Wei-Hua; Zou, Yuan-Chuan; Wu, Xue-Feng; Zhang, Bing
Affiliation:		AA(Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4002, USA), AB(School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4002, USA), AC(School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China), AD(Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China), AE(Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4002, USA; Department of Astronomy, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China)
Publication:		New Astronomy Reviews, Volume 57, Issue 6, p. 141-190. (NewAR Homepage)
Publication Date:		12/2013
Origin:		ELSEVIER
Abstract Copyright:		Elsevier B.V.
DOI:		10.1016/j.newar.2013.10.001
Bibliographic Code:		2013NewAR..57..141G

Abstract

Gamma-ray bursts are most luminous explosions in the universe. Their ejecta are believed to move towards Earth with a relativistic speed. The interaction between this "relativistic jet" and a circumburst medium drives a pair of (forward and reverse) shocks. The electrons accelerated in these shocks radiate synchrotron emission to power the broad-band afterglow of GRBs. The external shock theory is an elegant theory, since it invokes a limit number of model parameters, and has well predicted spectral and temporal properties. On the other hand, depending on many factors (e.g. the energy content, ambient density profile, collimation of the ejecta, forward vs. reverse shock dynamics, and synchrotron spectral regimes), there is a wide variety of the models. These models have distinct predictions on the afterglow decaying indices, the spectral indices, and the relations between them (the so-called "closure relations"), which have been widely used to interpret the rich multi-wavelength afterglow observations. This review article provides a complete reference of all the analytical synchrotron external shock afterglow models by deriving the temporal and spectral indices of all the models in all spectral regimes, including some regimes that have not been published before. The review article is designated to serve as a useful tool for afterglow observers to quickly identify relevant models to interpret their data. The limitations of the analytical models are reviewed, with a list of situations summarized when numerical treatments are needed.

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2013之重要事件

（仅包括我关心的）
1. GRB 130427A

2. GRB 130603B

3. FRB

4. AMS2公布初步数据了

5. IceCube的两个高能中微子

Mészáros 2012 伽马暴和超新星、宇宙学

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Home > Vol 12, No 8 (2012) > Mészáros

Gamma-ray bursts and their links with supernovae and cosmology

Peter Mészáros, Neil Gehrels

Abstract

Gamma-ray bursts are the most luminous explosions in the Universe, whose origin and mechanism are the focus of intense interest. They appear connected to supernova remnants from massive stars or the merger of their remnants, and their brightness makes them temporarily detectable out to the largest distances yet explored in the universe. After pioneering breakthroughs from space and ground experiments, their study is entering a new phase with observations from the recently launched Fermi satellite, as well as the prospect of detections or limits from large neutrino and gravitational wave detectors. The interplay between such observations and theoretical models of gamma-ray bursts is reviewed, as well as their connections to supernovae and cosmology.

Keywords

gamma-ray sources — gamma-ray bursts — cosmic rays — neutrinos — supernovae — cosmology — intergalactic medium

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Cano, Zach 2012 和超新星成协的伽马暴

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Title:		The Nature of Gamma Ray Burst Supernovae
Authors:		Cano, Zach
Publication:		eprint arXiv:1208.0307
Publication Date:		08/2012
Origin:		ARXIV
Keywords:		Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Comment:		Doctoral Thesis, 224 pages. Low-resolution copy, see http://www.astro.ljmu.ac.uk/~zec/ for high-resolution copy
Bibliographic Code:		2012arXiv1208.0307C

Abstract

Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs) and Supernovae (SNe) are among the brightest and most energetic physical processes in the universe. It is known that core-collapse SNe arise from the gravitational collapse and subsequent explosion of massive stars (the progen- itors of nearby core-collapse SNe have been imaged and unambiguously identified). It is also believed that the progenitors of long-duration GRBs (L-GRBs) are massive stars, mainly due to the occurrence and detection of very energetic core-collapse su- pernovae that happen both temporally and spatially coincident with most L-GRBs. However many outstanding questions regarding the nature of these events exist: How massive are the progenitors? What evolutionary stage are they at when they explode? Do they exist as single stars or in binary systems (or both, and to what fractions)? The work presented in this thesis attempts to further our understanding at the types of progenitors that give rise to long-duration GRB supernovae (GRB-SNe). This work is based on optical photometry obtained for three GRB-SNe events: GRB 060729, GRB 090618 and XRF 100316D (an X-Ray Flash is similar to a L-GRB, but has a lower peak energy). For GRB 060729 and GRB 090618 we model the optical light curves and account for light coming from three sources: the host galaxy, the afterglow and the supernova. When we remove the host flux, and model the afterglow, the re- maining flux resembles that of a SN, both in the shape of the light curve and the shape of the spectral energy distribution. Our investigation of XRF 100316D and its spectroscopically-confirmed Ic-BL SN 2010bh is more detailed as we were able to obtain optical and infrared data in many filters, which we utilize to created a quasi-bolometric light curve that we model to determine physical parameters of the SN...

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Neil Gehrels 2012 高能暂现源--包括一些奇怪的个体

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高能暂现源有：

其中TGF：Terrestrial γ−ray flashes， GRB：伽马暴，SGR：软伽马重复暴，TDE：Tidal disruption events，AGN：活动星系核。

比较奇怪的源有：
Short “GRB” 050925: 只有70ms，除了伽马射线，没有其他任何counterpart，也没有宿主星系。说可能是一个小的SGR的爆发（那就应该在别的时候看到其他的爆发啊，等到现在7年了，貌似没有报道吧）。

GRB 060218/SN 2006aj: 和超新星成协的软的伽马暴。





RS Oph 2006: 来自白矮星的Nova。XRT对它们的研究提供了更新的手段。


GRBs 060505 & 060614: 没有超新星成协的长暴，虽然很努力地去看了。

Hostless GRB 070125: 没有宿主星系的亮暴，虽然用Hubble看到25.4星等了。如果红移放到1.5，各向同性能量有1e54erg，相当于半个太阳质量。



Galactic “GRB” 070610: 可能是一类新的包含黑洞的X射线新星。（也就是黑洞吸积盘的增亮。）


XRO 080109 - SN 2008D: 是XRT巡天的时候看到的，出现在超新星“工厂” NGC 2770里，那里历史上（约15年）共爆发了三个超新星。不是伽马暴。


EV Lac superflare:

dMe star 的定义 -  An M-type red-dwarf star whose spectrum displays emission lines (hence the suffix ‘e’) due to hydrogen (Hα) and calcium (H and K lines). This activity indicates enhanced coronal emission (a dMe star is usually also an X-ray source) as a result of the powerful magnetic fields generated by the deep convection zone in the star.
from： http://www.galaxyzooforum.org/index.php?topic=277367.0

Pulsing GRB 090709: 在它的光变曲线里看到了8.06s的周期。见这里

 图片from： http://gcn.gsfc.nasa.gov/notices_s/356890/BA/
不过傅立叶变换分析不怎么看得出来：

GRB 101225 “Christmas burst”: 这个暴超级长，大于1700s，没看到宿主星系，不好说是啥。








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arXiv:1207.6346 [pdf, other]

High Energy Transients

Neil Gehrels, John K. Cannizzo

Comments: 20 pages, 12 figures; "New windows on transients across the Universe issue" Discussion Meeting issue of Philosophical Transactions A, ed. P. O'Brien, S. Smartt, R. Wijers & K. Pounds; 2012, subm

Subjects: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)

We present an overview of high energy transients in astrophysics, highlighting important advances over the past 50 years. We begin with early discoveries of gamma-ray transients, and then delve into physical details associated with a variety of phenomena. We discuss some of the unexpected transients found by Fermi and Swift, many of which are not easily classifiable or in some way challenge conventional wisdom. These objects are important insofar as they underscore the necessity of future, more detailed studies.