伽玛暴(Gamma-Ray Burst)笔记。记录有关伽玛暴的新文章,另外也包括看的老文章、自己的想法、以及跟天文相关的一些东西。 Feel free to leave me a message by comments or by email.

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星期三, 二月 05, 2014

Veres 2013 能量注入所产生的GeV,TeV辐射

主要内容:
考虑能量注入到反向激波中,或者外激波中,所产生的同步辐射和逆康普顿散射的高能成分。(不知道这里为什么只针对短暴)

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Title:
Prospects for GeV-TeV detection of short gamma-ray bursts with extended emission
Authors:
Veres, P.; Mészáros, P.
Publication:
eprint arXiv:1312.0590
Publication Date:
12/2013
Origin:
ARXIV
Keywords:
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Comment:
8 pages, 15 figures, submitted to ApJ
Bibliographic Code:
2013arXiv1312.0590V

Abstract

We discuss the GeV to TeV photon emission of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) within the refreshed shock and the continuous injection scenarios, motivated by the observation of extended emission in a substantial fraction of short GRBs. In the first model we assume that the central engine emits promptly material with a range of Lorentz factors. When the fastest shell starts to decelerate, it drives a forward shock into the ambient medium and a reverse shock in the ejecta. These shocks are reenergized by the slower and later arriving material. In the second model we assume that there is a continued ejection of material over an extended time, and the continuously arriving new material keeps reenergizing the shocks formed by the preceding shells of ejecta. We calculate the synchrotron and synchrotron self-Compton radiation components for the forward and reverse shocks and find that prospective and current GeV to TeV range instruments such as CTA, HAWC, VERITAS and HESS have a good chance to detect afterglows of short bursts with extended emission, assuming a reasonable response time.

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Yu, Y. B. 2014 超长暴 111209A的能量注入模型

主要内容:
分别在不同的时间注入不能的能量,来解释余辉中的增亮。

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Title:
Fall back accretion and energy injections in the ultra-long GRB 111209A
Authors:
Yu, Y. B.; Wu, X. F.; Huang, Y. F.; Coward, D. M.; Stratta, G.; Gendre, B.; Howell, E. J.
Publication:
eprint arXiv:1312.0794
Publication Date:
12/2013
Origin:
ARXIV
Keywords:
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Comment:
18 pages, 2 figures, submitted to APJ. v2: replaced, references added, Conclusions unchanged
Bibliographic Code:
2013arXiv1312.0794Y

Abstract

The ultra-long Gamma Ray Burst 111209A, which occurred at a redshift of $z = 0.677$, is the longest duration burst ever observed due to a rest frame prompt emission duration of order of $10^{4}$ s. The very early X-ray afterglow of Gamma Ray Burst 111209A showed unusual behavior, with a significant bump observed at about 2000 s after the BAT trigger. One possible explanation is that the bump resulted from mass fall back. In this paper, we present a detailed numerical study of the fall back process to interpret the very early X-ray afterglow light curve of Gamma Ray Burst 111209A. For the afterglow at late times, we apply external shock by adding an energy injection. In our model, we assume two periods of energy injection, each with a constant injection power. One injection starts at $8.0\times10^{3}$ s and lasts for about 8000 s, with an injection power of $9.0\times10^{47}$ ${\rm erg}$ ${\rm s^{-1}}$; this energy injection accounts for the plateau at X-ray wavelength in the early stage. The other injection starts at $6.5\times10^{4}$ s and lasts for about 16 ks with an injection power of $6.0\times10^{46}$ ${\rm erg}$ ${\rm s^{-1}}$. This second energy injection can help to explain the other plateau at X-ray wavelengths and the rebrightening in the optical band at about $10^{5}$ s. We argue that the two periods of energy injection can be produced by the infall of clumpy mass onto the central compact object of the burster, which leads to an enhancement of the accretion rate and results in a strong temporary outflow.

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星期五, 十月 22, 2010

Xu 2009 用能量注入模型解释GRB060729的余辉

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Title:
Long-term continuous energy injection in the afterglow of GRB 060729
Authors:
Xu, Ming; Huang, Yong-Feng; Lu, Tan
Affiliation:
AA(Department of Astronomy, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China ), AB(Department of Astronomy, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China ), AC(Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China)
Publication:
Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics, Volume 9, Issue 12, pp. 1317-1323 (2009).
Publication Date:
12/2009
Origin:
IOP
DOI:
10.1088/1674-4527/9/12/003
Bibliographic Code:
2009RAA.....9.1317X

Abstract

A long plateau phase and an amazing level of brightness have been observed in the X-ray afterglow of GRB 060729. This peculiar light curve is likely due to long-term energy injection in external shock. Here, we present a detailed numerical study of the energy injection process of magnetic dipole radiation from a strongly magnetized millisecond pulsar and model the multi-band afterglow observations. It is found that this model can successfully explain the long plateaus in the observed X-ray and optical afterglow light curves. The sharp break following the plateaus could be due to the rapid decline of the emission power of the central pulsar. At an even later time (~ 5 × 10 6 s), an obvious jet break appears, which implies a relatively large half opening angle of θ ~ 0.3 for the GRB ejecta. Due to the energy injection, the Lorentz factor of the outflow is still larger than two even at 107 s after the GRB trigger, making the X-ray afterglow of this burst detectable by Chandra even 642 d after the burst.
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星期二, 八月 24, 2010

Dall'Osso 2010 中子星spin down的能量注入解释X射线余辉变平

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Title:
GRB Afterglows with Energy Injection from a spinning down NS
Authors:
Dall'Osso, Simone; Stratta, Giulia; Guetta, Dafne; Covino, Stefano; De Cesare, Giovanni; Stella, Luigi
Publication:
eprint arXiv:1004.2788
Publication Date:
04/2010
Origin:
ARXIV
Keywords:
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Comment:
7 pages, 2 figures, submitted to Astronomy & Astrophysics - referee's comments included
Bibliographic Code:
2010arXiv1004.2788D

Abstract

We investigate a model for the shallow decay phases of Gamma-ray Burst (GRB) afterglows discovered by Swift/XRT in the first hours following a GRB event. In the context of the fireball scenario, we consider the possibility that long-lived energy injection from a millisecond spinning, ultramagnetic neutron star (magnetar) powers afterglow emission during this phase. We consider the energy evolution in a relativistic shock subject to both radiative losses and energy injection from a spinning down magnetar in spherical symmetry. We model the energy injection term through magnetic dipole losses and discuss an approximate treatment for the dynamical evolution of the blastwave. We obtain an analytic solution for the energy evolution in the shock and associated lightcurves. To fully illustrate the potential of our solution we calculate lightcurves for a few selected X-ray afterglows observed by Swift and fit them using our theoretical lightcurves. Our solution naturally describes in a single picture the properties of the shallow decay phase and the transition to the so-called normal decay phase. In particular, we obtain remarkably good fits to X-ray afterglows for plausible parameters of the magnetar. Even though approximate, our treatment provides a step forward with respect to previously adopted approximations and provides additional support to the idea that a millisecond spinning (1-3 ms), ultramagnetic (B$\sim 10^{14}-10^{15}$ G) neutron star loosing spin energy through magnetic dipole radiation can explain the luminosity, durations and shapes of X-ray GRB afterglows.
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星期一, 七月 13, 2009

Liu Xue-Wen 2009 磁能注入解释GRB 080913的余辉

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Title:
Magnetic Energy Injection in GRB 080913
Authors:
Xue-Wen, Liu; Xue-Feng, Wu; Tan, Lu
Publication:
eprint arXiv:0907.1767
Publication Date:
07/2009
Origin:
ARXIV
Keywords:
Astrophysics - Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Comment:
3 pages, pdf only. accepted for publication in Science in China Series G
Bibliographic Code:
2009arXiv0907.1767X

Abstract

GRB 080913, with a spectroscopically determined redshift of z=6.7, was the record holder of the remotest stellar object before the discovery of the recent gamma-ray burst GRB 090423, whose redshift is about 8.2. The gradually accumulated high redshift GRB sample has shed light on the origin and physics of GRBs during the cosmic re-ionization epoch. We here present a detailed numerical fit to the multi-wavelength data of the optical afterglow of GRB 080913 and then constrain its circum-burst environment and the other model parameters. We conclude that the late optical/X-ray plateau at about one day since the burst is due to the Poynting-flux dominated injection from the central engine which is very likely a massive spinning black hole with super strong magnetic fields.
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星期六, 十月 04, 2008

Ghisellini 2008 Long lived central engine

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Title:
Long lived central engines in Gamma Ray Bursts
Authors:
Ghisellini, G.
Publication:
eprint arXiv:0810.0267
Publication Date:
10/2008
Origin:
ARXIV
Keywords:
Astrophysics
Comment:
6 pages, 6 figures, To appear in: 2008 Nanjing GRB Conference, AIP, Eds. Y.F. Huang, Z.G. Dai, B. Zhang
Bibliographic Code:
2008arXiv0810.0267G

Abstract

The central engine of Gamma Ray Bursts may live much longer than the duration of the prompt emission. Some evidence of it comes from the presence of strong precursors, post-cursors, and X-ray flares in a sizable fraction of bursts. Additional evidence comes from the fact that often the X-ray and the optical afterglow light curves do not track one another, suggesting that they are two different emission components. The typical "steep-flat-steep" behavior of the X-ray light curve can be explained if the same central engine responsible for the main prompt emission continues to be active for a long time, but with a decreasing power. The early X-ray "afterglow" emission is then the extension of the prompt emission, originating at approximately the same location, and is not due to forward shocks. If the bulk Lorentz factor Gamma is decreasing in time, the break ending the shallow phase can be explained, since at early times Gamma is large, and we see only a fraction of the emitting area. Later, when Gamma decreases, we see an increasing fraction of the emitting surface up to the time when Gamma ~ 1/theta_j. This time ends the shallow phase of the X-ray light curve. The origin of the late prompt emission can be the accretion of the fall-back material, with an accretion rate dot M proportional to t^(-5/3). The combination of this late prompt emission with the flux produced by the standard forward shock can explain the great diversity of the optical and the X-ray light curves.
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星期二, 六月 26, 2007

Yu 2007 Shallow decay阶段的高能辐射

主要内容:
依然用星风泡作为能量注入方式,考虑逆康普顿散射,会产生大量的高能辐射。

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文章信息:

arXiv:0706.3741 [ps, pdf, other]
Title: Observational Signatures of High-Energy Emission during the Shallow Decay Phase of GRB X-Ray Afterglows
Comments: 21 pages, 7 figures
Subjects: Astrophysics (astro-ph)

The widely existing shallow decay phase of the X-ray afterglows of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) is generally accepted to be due to long-lasting energy injection. The outflows carrying the injecting energy, based on their composition, could correspond to two types: baryon-dominated and lepton-dominated ones. The former-type outflows could be lagging materials in a wide GRB ejecta with a radial distribution of Lorentz factor, while the latter could be an electron-positron-pair wind that is driven by the post-burst central engine. We here provide a unified description for the dynamics of the two models of energy injection, and calculate the corresponding high-energy photon emission by considering the synchrotron radiation and inverse Compton scattering (including synchrotron self-Compton and combined inverse-Compton). We find that, for both models, there is a plateau (even a hump) in high-energy light curves during the X-ray shallow decay phase. In particular, a considerable fraction of the injecting energy in the leptonic-component-dominated model can be shared by the long-lasting reverse shock since it is relativistic. Furthermore, almost all of the energy of the reverse shock is carried by leptons and thus enhances the inverse-Compton emission dramatically. Therefore, this model predicts more significant high-energy afterglow emission than the baryonic-component-dominated model. We argue that these observational signatures would be used to discriminate between different energy-injection models in the upcoming {\em Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope} (GLAST) era.

星期三, 五月 09, 2007

Yu 2007 Shallow decay相的星风泡解释

主要内容:
用磁星主导的外流星风泡作为能量注入的机制,星风的反向激波解释早期余辉的平降阶段。

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文章信息:
Shallow decay phase of GRB X-ray afterglows from relativistic wind bubbles

Abstract: The postburst object of a GRB is likely to be a highly magnetized, rapidly rotating compact object (e.g., a millisecond magnetar), which could produce an ultrarelativistic electron-positron-pair wind. The interaction of such a wind with an outwardly expanding fireball ejected during the burst leads to a relativistic wind bubble (RWB). We numerically calculate the dynamics and radiative properties of RWBs and use this model to explain the shallow decay phase of the early X-ray afterglows observed by Swift. We find that RWBs can fall into two types: forward-shock-dominated and reverse-shock-dominated bubbles. Their radiation during a period of $\sim 10^{2}-10^{5}$ seconds is dominated by the shocked medium and the shocked wind, respectively, based on different magnetic energy fractions of the shocked materials. For both types, the resulting light curves always have a shallow decay phase. In addition, we provide an example fit to the X-ray afterglows of GRB 060813 and GRB 060814 and show that they could be produced by forward-shock-dominated and reverse-shock-dominated bubbles, respectively. This implies that, for some early afterglows (e.g., GRB 060814), the long-lasting reverse shock emission is strong enough to explain their shallow decay phase.
Comments:
5 pages, 4 figures, Accepted for Publication in A&A
Subjects:
Astrophysics (astro-ph)
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星期一, 一月 15, 2007

Misra 2007 GRB 060124的光学余辉观测

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文章信息:

astro-ph/0701413 [abs, ps, pdf, other] :
Title: Optical observations of GRB 060124 afterglow: A case for an injection break
Authors: Kuntal Misra (1), D. Bhattacharya (2), D. K. Sahu (3), Ram Sagar (1), G. C. Anupama (4), A. J. Castro-Tirado (5), S. S. Guziy (5,6), B. C. Bhatt (3) ((1) ARIES, Nainital (2) RRI, Bangalore (3) CREST, Hosakote, Bangalore (4) IIA, Bangalore (5) IAA-CSIC, Granada, Spain (6) Nikolaev State University, Nikolskaya, Ukraine)
Comments: Accepted for publication in A&A

We present broad band optical afterglow observations of a long duration GRB 060124 using the 1.04-m Sampurnanand Telescope at ARIES, Nainital and the 2.01-m HCT at IAO, Hanle, including the earliest ground based observations in R band for this GRB. We determine the decay slope of the light curve at different bands and examine the reality of a proposed jet break. We use data from our observations as well as others reported in the literature to construct light curves in different bands and make power law fits to them. The spectral slope of the afterglow emission in the optical band is estimated. Our first R-band observations were taken $\sim 0.038$~d after burst. We find that all available optical data after this epoch are well fit by a single power law, with a temporal flux decay index $\alpha\sim 0.94$. We do not find any evidence of a jet break within our data, which extend till $\sim 2$~d after the burst. The X-ray light curve, however, shows a distinct break around 0.6 day. We attribute this break to a steepening of the electron energy spectrum at high energies. We conclude that the above measurements are consistent with the picture of a standard fireball evolution with no jet break within $t\sim 2$~days after the burst. This sets a lower limit of $3\times 10^{50}$~erg to the total energy released in the explosion.

星期三, 十二月 20, 2006

Butler 2006 从X射线谱演化看中心引擎的持续活动

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astro-ph/0612564 [abs, ps, pdf, other] :
Title: The Curvaceous Early Spectra of Swift X-ray Afterglows: Late Time GRB Activity Without N_H Variations
Authors: Nathaniel R. Butler, Daniel Kocevski
Comments: 23 pages plus 18 figures and 3 tables, submitted to ApJ

We demonstrate that the X-ray and Gamma-ray spectra of Swift GRBs and their afterglows are dominated by emission characteristic of an expanding, relativistic fireball. The classical afterglow due to the impact of the fireball on the external medium is often not observed until one to several hours after the GRB. Focusing on GRBs 061121, 060614, and 060124, but generalizing to the full (>50 Msec XRT exposure) Swift sample up to and including GRB061210, we show that the emission in >90% of early afterglows has a characteristic nu*F_nu spectral energy E_peak which likely evolves from the Gamma-rays through the soft X-ray band on timescales of 10^2-10^4s after the GRB. The observed spectra are strongly curved and have often been incorrectly fitted in other studies with a time-varying soft X-ray absorption. The spectral evolution inferred from fitting instead models used to fit GRBs demonstrates a common evolution--a powerlaw hardness intensity correlation and hard to soft evolution--for GRBs and the early X-ray afterglows and X-ray flares. Combined with studies of short timescale variability, our findings indicate a central engine active for longer than previously suspected. The GRB spectra are observed to become very soft at late times due to an intrinsic spectral evolution and due to the surprising faintness of some afterglows. We re-interpret early afterglow studies prior to Swift and also discuss models for the early X-ray emission.


星期二, 十二月 19, 2006

de Ugarte Postigo 2006 GRB 050408的多波段观测

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astro-ph/0612545 [abs, ps, pdf, other] :
Title: Extensive multiband study of the X-ray rich GRB 050408. A likely off-axis event with an intense energy injection
Authors: A de Ugarte Postigo, T.A. Fatkhullin, G. Johannesson, J. Gorosabel, V.V. Sokolov, A.J. Castro-Tirado, Yu.Yu. Balega, O.I. Spiridonova, M. Jelinek, S. Guziy, D. Perez-Ramirez, J. Hjorth, P. Laursen, D. Bersier, S.B. Pandey, M. Bremer, A. Monfardini, K.Y. Huang, Y. Urata, W.H. Ip, T. Tamagawa, D. Kinoshita, T. Mizuno, Y. Arai, H. Yamagishi, T. Soyano, F. Usui, M. Tashiro, K. Abe, K. Onda, Z. Aslan, I. Khamitov, T. Ozisik, U. Kiziloglu, I. Bikmaev, N. Sakhibullin, R. Burenin, M. Pavlinsky, R. Sunyaev, D. Bhattacharya, A.P. Kamble, C.H. Ishwara Chandra, S.A. Trushkin
Comments: 9 pages, 4 figures, Accepted for publication in A&A Letters

Aims. Understand the shape and implications of the multiband light curve of GRB 050408, an X-ray rich (XRR) burst. Methods. We present a multiband optical light curve, covering the time from the onset of the gamma-ray event to several months after, when we only detect the host galaxy. Together with X-ray, millimetre and radio observations we compile what, to our knowledge, is the most complete multiband coverage of an XRR burst afterglow to date. Results. The optical and X-ray light curve is characterised by an early flattening and an intense bump peaking around 6 days after the burst onset. We explain the former by an off-axis viewed jet, in agreement with the predictions made for XRR by some models, and the latter with an energy injection equivalent in intensity to the initial shock. The analysis of the spectral flux distribution reveals an extinction compatible with a low chemical enrichment surrounding the burst. Together with the detection of an underlying starburst host galaxy we can strengthen the link between XRR and classical long-duration bursts.

星期六, 九月 02, 2006

此贴专门存放labels2

伽玛暴的余辉|0|21|正反激波|2|22|晚期余辉|2|23|晚期动力学|2|24|与超新星成协|2|25|孤儿余辉|2|26|余辉尺寸 |2|27|环境效应|2|28|统计及关系(余辉)|2|29|能量注入|2|121|tail emission|2|5|余辉观测|0|51|X射线余辉|2|52|光学/红外余辉|2|53|射电余辉|2|54|早期余辉|2|55|余辉拟合 |2|56|余辉能量|2|57|X射线耀发|2|58|早期光学反常|