Nissanke 2013 Determining the Hubble constant from gravitational wave observations of merging compact binaries

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Title:		Determining the Hubble constant from gravitational wave observations of merging compact binaries
Authors:		Nissanke, Samaya; Holz, Daniel E.; Dalal, Neal; Hughes, Scott A.; Sievers, Jonathan L.; Hirata, Christopher M.
Publication:		eprint arXiv:1307.2638
Publication Date:		07/2013
Origin:		ARXIV
Keywords:		Astrophysics - Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Comment:		To be submitted to ApJ, 8 pages in emulateapj format, 1 table, 2 figures
Bibliographic Code:		2013arXiv1307.2638N

Abstract

Recent observations have accumulated compelling evidence that some short gamma-ray bursts (SGRBs) are associated with the mergers of neutron star (NS) binaries. This would indicate that the SGRB event is associated with a gravitational-wave (GW) signal corresponding to the final inspiral of the compact binary. In addition, the radioactive decay of elements produced in NS binary mergers may result in transients visible in the optical and infrared with peak luminosities on hours-days timescales. Simultaneous observations of the inspiral GWs and signatures in the electromagnetic band may allow us to directly and independently determine both the luminosity distance and redshift to a binary. These standard sirens (the GW analog of standard candles) have the potential to provide an accurate measurement of the low-redshift Hubble flow. In addition, these systems are absolutely calibrated by general relativity, and therefore do not experience the same set of astrophysical systematics found in traditional standard candles, nor do the measurements rely on a distance ladder. We show that 15 observable GW and EM events should allow the Hubble constant to be measured with 5% precision using a network of detectors that includes advanced LIGO and Virgo. Measuring 30 beamed GW-SGRB events could constrain H_0 to better than 1%. When comparing to standard Gaussian likelihood analysis, we find that each event's non-Gaussian posterior in H_0 helps reduce the overall measurement errors in H_0 for an ensemble of NS binary mergers.

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Battista Pisani 2013 用和超新星成协的伽马暴做标准烛光

主要内容:
说他们的X射线光变和Ia型超新星类似，都是一样的。

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看，红移差不多的晚期光变也差不多

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Title:		On a novel distance indicator for Gamma-Ray Bursts associated with Supernovae
Authors:		Battista Pisani, Giovanni; Izzo, Luca; Ruffini, Remo; Bianco, Carlo Luciano; Muccino, Marco; Penacchioni, Ana Virginia; Rueda, Jorge Armando; Wang, Yu
Publication:		eprint arXiv:1309.0454
Publication Date:		09/2013
Origin:		ARXIV
Keywords:		Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Comment:		7th Huntsville Gamma-Ray Burst Symposium, GRB 2013: paper 13 in eConf Proceedings C1304143
Bibliographic Code:		2013arXiv1309.0454B

Abstract

It has been proposed that the temporal coincidence of a gamma-ray burst (GRB) and a type Ib/c supernova (SN) can be explained with the concept of induced gravitational collapse (IGC), induced by the matter ejected from an SN Ib/c accreting onto a neutron star (NS). We found a standard luminosity light curve behavior in the late-time X-ray emission of this subclass of GRBs. We interpret this as the result of a common physical mechanism in this particular phase of the X-ray emission, possibly related to the creation of the NS from the SN process. Moreover, this scaling law could be a fundamental tool for estimating the redshift of GRBs that belong to this subclass of events.

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Sparre 2014 of GRB 111008A的DLA吸收系统

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可以从这些谱上探测路上环境。

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Title:		Two high-redshift DLAs towards a z~5 gamma-ray burst
Authors:		Sparre, M.; Hartoog, O. E.; Krühler, T.; Fynbo, J. P. U.; Watson, D. J.; Wiersema, K.; D'Elia, V.; De Cia, A.; Afonso, P. M. J.; Covino, S.; de Ugarte Postigo, A.; Flores, H.; Goldoni, P.; Greiner, J.; Hjorth, J.; Jakobsson, P.; Kaper, L.; Klose, S.; Malesani, D.; Milvang-Jensen, B.; Nardini, M.; Piranomonte, S.; Sollerman, J.; Sanchez Ramirez, R.; Schulze, S.; Tanvir, N. R.; Vergani, S. D.; Wijers, R. A. M. J.; Zafar, T.
Publication:		eprint arXiv:1309.2940
Publication Date:		09/2013
Origin:		ARXIV
Keywords:		Astrophysics - Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics
Comment:		13 pages, 9 figures, Submitted to ApJ
Bibliographic Code:		2013arXiv1309.2940S

Abstract

Observations of the afterglows of long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) allow the study of star-forming galaxies across most of cosmic history. Here we present observations of GRB 111008A from which we can measure abundance patterns, metallicity, dust content and extinction of the GRB host galaxy (z=5.0) as well as a Damped Lyman-alpha Absorber (DLA) galaxy along the line of sight (z=4.6). These systems have column densities of log N =22.30 +/- 0.06 and 21.34 +/- 0.10, respectively. The GRB host galaxy has a metallicity of 2% solar (based on sulfur), and a lower limit of the metallicity for the intervening DLA is 3% (based on silicon). For the intervening absorber we also measure -1.73<[Fe/H]<-1.09, but the true metallicity can be higher, because it is unclear how much the abundances are affected by dust depletion. The presence and variability of fine-structure lines confirms the z=5.0 system as the GRB host. This is the highest redshift where Fe II fine-structure lines have been detected. The afterglow is only mildly reddened with A_V = 0.11 +/- 0.04 mag, and the host galaxy has a dust-to-metals ratio which is consistent with being equal to or lower than typical values in the Local Group.

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Littlejohns 2013 低红移和高红移的暴不一样

主要内容:
通过模拟光变曲线，把低红移的移到高红移去（会包括流量的减少和能段的移动），看和实际观测到的高红移的暴的表现是否一致，用KS检验，发现不一样。

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Title:		Are gamma-ray bursts the same at high redshift and low redshift?
Authors:		Littlejohns, O. M.; Tanvir, N. R.; Willingale, R.; Evans, P. A.; O'Brien, P. T.; Levan, A. J.
Affiliation:		AA(Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; olittlej@asu.edu), AB(Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK), AC(Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK), AD(Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK), AE(Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK), AF(Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK)
Publication:		Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 436, Issue 4, p.3640-3655 (MNRAS Homepage)
Publication Date:		12/2013
Origin:		OUP
Astronomy Keywords:		gamma-ray burst: general
Abstract Copyright:		2013 The Authors Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society
DOI:		10.1093/mnras/stt1841
Bibliographic Code:		2013MNRAS.436.3640L

Abstract

The majority of Swift gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) observed at z ≳ 6 have prompt durations of T₉₀ ≲ 30 s, which, at first sight, is surprising given that cosmological time dilation means this corresponds to ≲5 s in their rest frames. We have tested whether the high-redshift GRBs are consistent with being drawn from the same population as those observed at low redshift by comparing them to an artificially redshifted sample of 114 z < 4 bursts. This is accomplished using two methods to produce realistic high-z simulations of light curves based on the observed characteristics of the low-z sample. In Method 1 we use the Swift/Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) data directly, taking the photons detected in the harder bands to predict what would be seen in the softest energy band if the burst were seen at higher z. In Method 2 we fit the light curves with a model, and use that to extrapolate the expected behaviour over the whole BAT energy range at any redshift. Based on the results of Method 2, a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test of their durations finds a ˜1 per cent probability that the high-z GRB sample is drawn from the same population as the bright low-z sample. Although apparently marginally significant, we must bear in mind that this test was partially a posteriori, since the rest-frame short durations of several high-z bursts motivated the study in the first instance.

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Mészáros 2012 伽马暴和超新星、宇宙学

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Home > Vol 12, No 8 (2012) > Mészáros

Gamma-ray bursts and their links with supernovae and cosmology

Peter Mészáros, Neil Gehrels

Abstract

Gamma-ray bursts are the most luminous explosions in the Universe, whose origin and mechanism are the focus of intense interest. They appear connected to supernova remnants from massive stars or the merger of their remnants, and their brightness makes them temporarily detectable out to the largest distances yet explored in the universe. After pioneering breakthroughs from space and ground experiments, their study is entering a new phase with observations from the recently launched Fermi satellite, as well as the prospect of detections or limits from large neutrino and gravitational wave detectors. The interplay between such observations and theoretical models of gamma-ray bursts is reviewed, as well as their connections to supernovae and cosmology.

Keywords

gamma-ray sources — gamma-ray bursts — cosmic rays — neutrinos — supernovae — cosmology — intergalactic medium

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Smale, Peter R. 2011 用伽马暴来区分timescape cosmology和lambda CDM模型

主要内容:
说timescape cosmology更好一点儿。

（八字还没有一撇呢，就用来区分宇宙学模型了？）

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Title:		Gamma-ray burst distances and the timescape cosmology
Authors:		Smale, Peter R.
Affiliation:		AA(Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand)
Publication:		Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 418, Issue 4, pp. 2779-2784. (MNRAS Homepage)
Publication Date:		12/2011
Origin:		WILEY
Astronomy Keywords:		cosmological parameters, cosmology: observations, cosmology: theory
Abstract Copyright:		© 2011 The Author Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society © 2011 RAS
DOI:		10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19678.x
Bibliographic Code:		2011MNRAS.418.2779S

Abstract

Gamma-ray bursts can potentially be used as distance indicators, providing the possibility of extending the Hubble diagram to redshifts ˜7. Here we follow the GRB analysis of Schaefer, with the aim of distinguishing the timescape cosmological model from the Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) model by means of the additional leverage provided by Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) in the range 2 ≲z≲ 7. We find that the timescape model fits the GRB sample slightly better than the ΛCDM model, but that the systematic uncertainties are still too little understood to distinguish the models.

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Ukwatta, T. N. 2011 time lag--luminosity关系

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Title:		The lag-luminosity relation in the GRB source frame: an investigation with Swift BAT bursts
Authors:		Ukwatta, T. N.; Dhuga, K. S.; Stamatikos, M.; Dermer, C. D.; Sakamoto, T.; Sonbas, E.; Parke, W. C.; Maximon, L. C.;Linnemann, J. T.; Bhat, P. N.; Eskandarian, A.; Gehrels, N.; Abeysekara, A. U.; Tollefson, K.; Norris, J. P.
Affiliation:		AA(Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA), AB(Department of Physics, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA), AC(NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics (CCAPP) Fellow, Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA), AD(Space Science Division, Code 7653, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA), AE(NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA), AF(NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; Department of Physics, University of Adıyaman, 02040 Adıyaman, Turkey; Universities Space Research Association, 10211 Wincopin Circle, Suite 500, Columbia, MD 21044-3432, USA), AG(Department of Physics, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA), AH(Department of Physics, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA), AI(Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA), AJ(University of Alabama in Huntsville Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research, 320 Sparkman Dr. Huntsville, AL 35805, USA), AK(Department of Physics, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA), AL(NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA), AM(Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA), AN(Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA), AO(Physics Department, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA)
Publication:		Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 419, Issue 1, pp. 614-623. (MNRAS Homepage)
Publication Date:		01/2012
Origin:		WILEY
Astronomy Keywords:		gamma-ray burst: general
Abstract Copyright:		© 2011 The Authors Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society © 2011 RAS
DOI:		10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19723.x
Bibliographic Code:		2012MNRAS.419..614U

Abstract

Spectral lag, which is defined as the difference in time of arrival of high- and low-energy photons, is a common feature in gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). Previous investigations have shown a correlation between this lag and the isotropic peak luminosity for long duration bursts. However, most of the previous investigations used lags extracted in the observer frame only. In this work (based on a sample of 43 Swift long GRBs with known redshifts), we present an analysis of the lag-luminosity relation in the GRB source frame. Our analysis indicates a higher degree of correlation -0.82 ± 0.05 (chance probability of ˜5.5 × 10^-5) between the spectral lag and the isotropic peak luminosity, L_iso, with a best-fitting power-law index of -1.2 ± 0.2, such that L_iso ∝ lag^-1.2. In addition, there is an anticorrelation between the source-frame spectral lag and the source-frame peak energy of the burst spectrum, E_pk(1 + z).

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Basak, Rupal 2011 暴本身光变的Timing分析

主要内容:
应用于Fermi时代最亮的暴 090618
说还可以作为标准烛光。

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Title:		Measuring the pulse of GRB 090618: A Simultaneous Spectral and Timing Analysis of the Prompt Emission
Authors:		Basak, Rupal; Rao, A. R.
Publication:		eprint arXiv:1110.1994
Publication Date:		10/2011
Origin:		ARXIV
Keywords:		Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Comment:		18 pages, 4 tables, 11 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ
Bibliographic Code:		2011arXiv1110.1994R

Abstract

We develop a new method for simultaneous timing and spectral studies of Gamma Ray Burst (GRB) prompt emission and apply it to make a pulse-wise description of the prompt emission of GRB 090618, the brightest GRB detected in the Fermi era. We exploit the large area (and sensitivity) of Swift/BAT and the wide band width of Fermi/GBM to derive the parameters for a complete spectral and timing description of the individual pulses of this GRB, based on the various empirical relations suggested in the literature. We demonstrate that this empirical model correctly describes the other observed properties of the burst like the variation of the lag with energy and the pulse width with energy. The measurements also show an indication of an increase in pulse width as a function of energy at low energies for some of the pulses, which is naturally explained as an off-shoot of some particular combination of the model parameters. We argue that these model parameters, particularly the peak energy at the beginning of the pulse, are the natural choices to be used for correlation with luminosity. The implications of these results for the use of GRBs as standard candles are briefly described.

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Busti, V. C. 2011 GRB和SN Ia限制宇宙学参数

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Title:		Constraining the dark energy and smoothness parameter with SNe Ia and Gamma-Ray Bursts
Authors:		Busti, V. C.; Santos, R. C.; Lima, J. A. S.
Publication:		eprint arXiv:1202.0449
Publication Date:		02/2012
Origin:		ARXIV
Keywords:		Astrophysics - Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Comment:		7 pages, 4 figures
Bibliographic Code:		2012arXiv1202.0449B

Abstract

The existence of inhomogeneities in the observed Universe modifies the distance-redshift relations thereby affecting the results of cosmological tests in comparison to the ones derived assuming spatially uniform models. By modeling the inhomogeneities through a generalized Zeldovich-Kantowski-Dyer-Roeder (ZKDR) approach which is phenomenologically characterized by a smoothness parameter $\alpha$, we rediscuss the constraints on the cosmic parameters based on Supernovae type Ia and Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) data. The present analysis is restricted to a flat $\Lambda$CDM model with the reasonable assumption that $\Lambda$ does not clump. A $\chi^{2}$-analysis using 557 SNe Ia data from the Union2 Compilation Data (Amanullah {\it et al.} 2010) constrains the pair of parameters ($\Omega_m, \alpha$) to $\Omega_m=0.27_{-0.03}^{+0.08}$($2\sigma$) and $\alpha \geq 0.25$. A similar analysis based only on 59 Hymnium GRBs (Wei 2010) constrains the matter density parameter to be $\Omega_m= 0.35^{+0.62}_{-0.24}$ ($2\sigma$) while all values for the smoothness parameter are allowed. By performing a joint analysis, it is found that $\Omega_m = 0.27^{+0.06}_{-0.03}$ and $\alpha \geq 0.52$. As a general result, although considering that current GRB data alone cannot constrain the smoothness $\alpha$ parameter our analysis provides an interesting cosmological probe for dark energy even in the presence of inhomogeneities.

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Wang, F. Y. 2011 伽马暴的弱引力透镜效应对宇宙学参数的限制

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伽马暴怎么会有弱引力透镜效应的？又怎么去限制宇宙学参数的？

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Title:		Weak gravitational lensing effects on cosmological parameters and dark energy from gamma-ray bursts
Authors:		Wang, F. Y.; Dai, Z. G.
Affiliation:		AA(Department of Astronomy, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, PR China fayinwang@nju.edu.cn), AB(Department of Astronomy, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, PR China; Key laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, 210093, Nanjing, PR China)
Publication:		Astronomy & Astrophysics, Volume 536, id.A96 (A&A Homepage)
Publication Date:		12/2011
Origin:		EDP Sciences
Astronomy Keywords:		cosmological parameters, gamma rays: galaxies
DOI:		10.1051/0004-6361/201117517
Bibliographic Code:		2011A&A...536A..96W

Abstract

Context. Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are attractive objects for constraining the nature of dark energy in a way complementary to other cosmological probes, especially at high redshifts. However, the apparent magnitude of distant GRBs can be distorted by the gravitational lensing from the density fluctuations along the line of sight. 
Aims: We investigate the gravitational lensing effect on the cosmological parameters and dark energy equation of state from GRBs. 
Methods: We first calibrated the GRB luminosity relations without assuming any cosmological models. The luminosity distances of low-redshift GRBs were calibrated with the cosmography method using a latest type Ia supernova (SNe Ia) sample. The luminosity distances of high-redshift GRBs were derived by assuming that the luminosity relations do not evolve with redshift. Then we investigated the non-Gaussian nature of the magnification probability distribution functions and the magnification bias of the gravitational lensing. 
Results: We find that the gravitational lensing has non-negligible effects on the determination of cosmological parameters and dark energy. The gravitational lensing shifts the best-fit constraints on cosmological parameters and dark energy. Because high-redshift GRBs are more likely to be reduced, the most probable value of the observed matter density Ω_M is slightly lower than its actual value. In the ΛCDM model, we find that the matter density parameter Ω_Mwill shift from 0.30 to 0.26 after including the gravitational lensing effect. The gravitational lensing also affects the dark energy equation of state by shifting it to a more negative value. We constrain the dark energy equation of state out to redshift z ~ 8 using GRBs for the first time, and find that the equation of state deviates from ΛCDM at the 1σ confidence level, but agrees with w = -1 at the 2σ confidence level.

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