Campana 2008 大质量星怎样产生伽玛暴

主要内容:
只有1%的Ic型超新星有伽玛暴（这个结果怎么来的？）。

精彩摘抄:
Only ~1% of core collapse SNe are able to produce a highly relativistic collimated outflow, and hence a GRB.

文章信息:

· arXiv e-print (arXiv:0805.4698)

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Title:		Outliers from the mainstream: how a massive star can produce a gamma-ray burst
Authors:		Campana, S.; Panagia, N.; Lazzati, D.; Beardmore, A. P.; Cusumano, G.; Godet, O.; Chincarini, G.; Covino, S.; Della Valle, M.; Guidorzi, C.; Malesani, D.; Moretti, A.; Perna, R.; Romano, P.; Tagliaferri, G.
Publication:		eprint arXiv:0805.4698
Publication Date:		05/2008
Origin:		ARXIV
Keywords:		Astrophysics
Comment:		ApJL in press 4 pages 2 figures
Bibliographic Code:		2008arXiv0805.4698C

Abstract

It is now recognized that long-duration Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) are linked to the collapse of massive stars, based on the association between (low-redshift) GRBs and (type Ic) core-collapse supernovae (SNe). The census of massive stars and GRBs reveals, however, that not all massive stars do produce a GRB. Only ~1% of core collapse SNe are able to produce a highly relativistic collimated outflow, and hence a GRB. The extra crucial parameter has long been suspected to be metallicity and/or rotation. We find observational evidence strongly supporting that both ingredients are necessary in order to make a GRB out of a core-collapsing star. A detailed study of the absorption pattern in the X-ray spectrum of GRB060218 reveals evidence of material highly enriched in low atomic number metals ejected before the SN/GRB explosion. We find that, within the current scenarios of stellar evolution, only a progenitor star characterized by a fast stellar rotation and sub-solar initial metallicity could produce such a metal enrichment in its close surrounding.

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