Lipunov 2007 MASTER optical data 2005-2006

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arXiv:0711.0037 [ps, pdf, other]

Title: Optical Observations of Gamma-Ray Bursts, the Discovery of Supernovae 2005bv, 2005ee, and 2006ak, and Searches for Transients Using the "MASTER" Robotic Telescope

Authors: V. M. Lipunov, V.G.Kornilov, A.V.Krylov, N.V.Tyurina, A. A. Belinskii, E. S. Gorbovskoi, D. A. Kuvshinov, P. A. Gritsyk, G.A.Antipov, G. V. Borisov, A. V. Sankovich, V.V.Vladimirov, V. I.Vybornov, A. S. Kuznetsov

Comments: 30 pages, 18 figures, 9 tables

Journal-ref: Astronomicheskii Zhurnal, 2007, Vol. 84, No. 12, pp. 1110-1134

Subjects: Astrophysics (astro-ph)

We present the results of observations obtained using the MASTER robotic telescope in 2005 -- 2006, including the earliest observations of the optical emission of the gamma-ray bursts GRB 050824 and GRB 060926. Together with later observations, these data yield the brightness-variation law $t^{-0.55\pm0.05}$ for GRB 050824. An optical flare was detected in GRB 060926 -- a brightness enhancement that repeated the behavior observed in the X-ray variations. The spectrum of GRB 060926 is found to be $F_E \approx E^{-\beta}$, where $\beta = 1.0\pm0.2$. Limits on the optical brightnesses of 26 gamma-ray bursts have been derived, 9 of these for the first time. Data for more than 90% of the accessible sky down to $19^m$ were taken and reduced in real time during the survey. A database has been composed based on these data. Limits have been placed on the rate of optical flares that are not associated with detected gamma-ray bursts, and on the opening angle for the beams of gamma-ray bursts. Three new supernovae have been discovered: SN 2005bv (type Ia) -- the first to be discovered on Russian territory, SN 2005ee -- one of the most powerful type II supernovae known, and SN 2006ak (type Ia). We have obtained an image of SN 2006X during the growth stage and a light curve that fully describes the brightness maximum and exponential decay. A new method for searching for optical transients of gamma-ray bursts detected using triangulation from various spacecraft is proposed and tested.