伽玛暴(Gamma-Ray Burst)笔记。记录有关伽玛暴的新文章,另外也包括看的老文章、自己的想法、以及跟天文相关的一些东西。 Feel free to leave me a message by comments or by email.

星期四, 十月 28, 2010

Centrella 2010 黑洞双星并合综述

主要内容:


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文章信息:

The Final Merger of Black-Hole Binaries

Abstract: Recent breakthroughs in the field of numerical relativity have led to dramatic progress in understanding the predictions of General Relativity for the dynamical interactions of two black holes in the regime of very strong gravitational fields. Such black-hole binaries are important astrophysical systems and are a key target of current and developing gravitational-wave detectors. The waveform signature of strong gravitational radiation emitted as the black holes fall together and merge provides a clear observable record of the process. After decades of slow progress, these mergers and the gravitational-wave signals they generate can now be routinely calculated using the methods of numerical relativity. We review recent advances in understanding the predicted physics of events and the consequent radiation, and discuss some of the impacts this new knowledge is having in various areas of astrophysics.
Comments: 56 pages; 9 figures. Review article in press with Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Physics, vol. 60
Subjects: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); Galaxy Astrophysics (astro-ph.GA)
Cite as: arXiv:1010.2165v1 [gr-qc]

Nagataki 2010 旋转的黑洞作为中心引擎,越快越好

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Title:
Rotating BHs as Central Engines of Long GRBs: Faster is Better
Authors:
Nagataki, Shigehiro
Publication:
eprint arXiv:1010.4964
Publication Date:
10/2010
Origin:
ARXIV
Keywords:
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Comment:
8 pages, 7 figures, Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan (PASJ), submitted
Bibliographic Code:
2010arXiv1010.4964N

Abstract

We performed simulations of collapsars with different Kerr parameters a=0, 0.5, 0.9, 0.95. It is shown that a more rapidly rotating black hole is driving a more energetic jet. No jet is seen for the case of Schwartzschild black hole case, while the total energy of the jet is as large as 10^{50} erg for a rapidly rotating Kerr black hole case (a=0.95). In order to explain the high luminosity of a GRB, it is concluded that a rapidly rotating black hole is favored ('faster is better'). We also find in the case of a=0.95 that (i) the stagnation region is clearly found in the jet region, (ii) the ordered poloidal field lines are seen in the jet, (iii) the jet region is surrounded by a 'Wall-like' structure that has a higher pressure than the jet region and contains strong vertical magnetic fields, and (iv) the jet is initiated by outgoing Poynting flux from the outer horizon of the black hole (Blandford-Znajek effect). The bulk Lorentz factor of the jet is still of the order of unity. However, energy density of electro-magnetic fields dominates the one of rest-mass in the jet. It can be expected that a relativistic jet will be seen if we perform a simulation for a longer time scale (of the order of 10-100 sec).
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Urata 2010 企图观测瞬时光学辐射的巡天类地面望远镜系统WIDGET

主要内容:
The WIDeField telescope for Gamma-ray burst Early Timing (WIDGET)
说从2004年开始他们看到了10个暴同时的,还有一个是暴之前的光学事件。(我怎么没听说呢?--貌似都不明显)

精彩摘抄:


貌似是他们认为看到了光学瞬时辐射的几个暴,或者应该看到的?

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Title:
WIDGET: System Performance and GRB Prompt Optical Observations
Authors:
Urata, Yuji; Tashiro, Makoto S.; Tamagawa, Toru; Usui, Fumihiko; Kuwahara, Makoto; Lin, Hungmiao; Kageyama, Shoichi; Iwakiri, Wataru; Sugasahara, Takako; Takahara, Kazuki; Kodaka, Natsuki; Abe, Keiichi; Masuno, Keisuke; Onda, Kaori
Publication:
eprint arXiv:1010.5035
Publication Date:
10/2010
Origin:
ARXIV
Keywords:
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Comment:
19 pages, 11 figures, Accepted to appear in PASJ
Bibliographic Code:
2010arXiv1010.5035U

Abstract

The WIDeField telescope for Gamma-ray burst Early Timing (WIDGET) is used for a fully automated, ultra-wide-field survey aimed at detecting the prompt optical emission associated with Gamma-ray Bursts (GRBs). WIDGET surveys the HETE-2 and Swift/BAT pointing directions covering a total field of view of 62 degree x 62 degree every 10 secounds using an unfiltered system. This monitoring survey allows exploration of the optical emission before the gamma-ray trigger. The unfiltered magnitude is well converted to the SDSS r' system at a 0.1 mag level. Since 2004, WIDGET has made a total of ten simultaneous and one pre-trigger GRB observations. The efficiency of synchronized observation with HETE-2 is four times better than that of Swift. There has been no bright optical emission similar to that from GRB 080319B. The statistical analysis implies that GRB080319B is a rare event. This paper summarizes the design and operation of the WIDGET system and the simultaneous GRB observations obtained with this instrument.

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星期三, 十月 27, 2010

Yonetoku 2010 第一个观测伽马暴本身偏振的仪器 GAP

主要内容:
搭载在日本的IKAROS卫星上,此小卫星于2010.5.21上天。

预计如果理论认为偏振在40%的话,他们每年可以看到2到4个(好少啊)。

精彩摘抄:
GAP示意图

观测到了第一个暴,没说偏振


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Title:
Gamma-Ray Burst Polarimeter - GAP - aboard the Small Solar Power Sail Demonstrator IKAROS
Authors:
Yonetoku, D.; Murakami, T.; Gunji, S.; Mihara, T.; Sakashita, T.; Morihara, Y.; Kikuchi, Y.; Fujimoto, H.; Toukairin, N.; Kodama, Y.; Kubo, S.; IKAROS Demonstration Team
Publication:
eprint arXiv:1010.5305
Publication Date:
10/2010
Origin:
ARXIV
Keywords:
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Comment:
Submitted to Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan (PASJ), 23 pages, 14 figures
Bibliographic Code:
2010arXiv1010.5305Y

Abstract

The small solar power sail demonstrator "IKAROS" is a Japanese engineering verification spacecraft launched by H-IIA rocket on May 21, 2010 at JAXA Tanegashima Space Center. IKAROS has a huge sail with 20 m in diameter which is made of thin polyimide membrane. This sail converts the solar radiation-pressure into the propulsion force of IKAROS and accelerates the spacecraft. The Gamma-Ray Burst Polarimeter (GAP) aboard IKAROS is the first polarimeter to observe the gamma-ray polarization of Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) during the IKAROS cruising phase. GAP is a tinny detector of 3.8 kg in weight and 17 cm in size with an energy range between 50-300 keV. The GAP detector also plays a role of the interplanetary network (IPN) to determine the GRB direction. The detection principle of gamma-ray polarization is the anisotropy of the Compton scattering. GAP works as the GRB polarimeter with the full coincidence mode between the central plastic and the surrounding CsI detectors. GAP is the first instrument, devoted for the observation of gamma-ray polarization in the astronomical history. In this paper, we present the GAP detector and its ground and onboard calibrations.

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Guidorzi 2010 BeppoSAX暴的谱的统计

主要内容:
主要就是关于E_P,alpha,等的统计

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Title:
Spectral catalogue of bright gamma-ray bursts detected with the BeppoSAX/GRBM
Authors:
Guidorzi, C.; Lacapra, M.; Frontera, F.; Montanari, E.; Amati, L.; Calura, F.; Nicastro, L.; Orlandini, M.
Publication:
eprint arXiv:1010.5379
Publication Date:
10/2010
Origin:
ARXIV
Keywords:
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Comment:
28 pages, 20 figures, 3 tables, accepted to A&A
Bibliographic Code:
2010arXiv1010.5379G

Abstract

The emission process responsible for the so-called "prompt" emission of gamma-ray bursts is still unknown. A number of empirical models fitting the typical spectrum still lack a satisfactory interpretation. A few GRB spectral catalogues derived from past and present experiments are known in the literature and allow to tackle the issue of spectral properties of gamma-ray bursts on a statistical ground. We extracted and studied the time-integrated photon spectra of the 200 brightest GRBs observed with the Gamma-Ray Burst Monitor which flew aboard the BeppoSAX mission (1996-2002) to provide an independent statistical characterisation of GRB spectra. The spectra were fit with three models: a simple power-law, a cut-off power law or a Band function. The typical photon spectrum of a bright GRB consists of a low-energy index around 1.0 and a peak energy of the nuFnu spectrum E_p~240 keV in agreement with previous results on a sample of bright CGRO/BATSE bursts. Spectra of ~35% of GRBs can be fit with a power-law with a photon index around 2, indicative of peak energies either close to or outside the GRBM energy boundaries. We confirm the correlation between E_p and fluence, with a logarithmic dispersion of 0.13 around the power-law with index 0.21+-0.06. The low-energy and peak energy distributions are not yet explained in the current literature. The capability of measuring time-resolved spectra over a broadband energy range, ensuring precise measurements of parameters such as E_p, will be crucial for future experiments (abridged).
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星期一, 十月 25, 2010

Guiriec 2010 GRB 100724B 里看到了热成分

主要内容:
不过我觉得不是很明显。

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Title:
Detection of a Thermal Spectral Component in the Prompt Emission of GRB 100724B
Authors:
Guiriec, Sylvain; Connaughton, Valerie; Briggs, Michael S.; Burgess, Michael; Ryde, Felix; Daigne, Frédéric; Mészáros, Peter; Goldstein, Adam; McEnery, Julie; Omodei, Nicola; Bhat, P. N.; Bissaldi, Elisabetta; Camero-Arranz, Ascensión; Chaplin, Vandiver; Diehl, Roland; Fishman, Gerald; Foley, Suzanne; Gibby, Melissa; Giles, Misty M.; Greiner, Jochen; Gruber, David; von Kienlin, Andreas; Kippen, Marc; Kouveliotou, Chryssa; McBreen, Sheila; Meegan, Charles A.; Paciesas, William; Preece, Robert; Rau, Arne; Tierney, Dave; van der Horst, Alexander J.; Wilson-Hodge, Colleen
Publication:
eprint arXiv:1010.4601
Publication Date:
10/2010
Origin:
ARXIV
Keywords:
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics
Comment:
6 pages, 3 figures, 1 table, Submitted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Letters, October 20, 2010
Bibliographic Code:
2010arXiv1010.4601G

Abstract

Observations of GRB 100724B with the Fermi Gamma-Ray Burst Monitor (GBM) find that the spectrum is dominated by the typical Band functional form, which is usually taken to represent a non-thermal emission component, but also includes a very significant thermal spectral contribution. The simultaneous observation of the thermal and non-thermal components allows us to confidently identify the two emission components. The fact that these seem to vary independently favors the idea that the thermal component is of photospheric origin while the dominant non-thermal emission occurs at larger radii. Our results imply either a very high efficiency for the non-thermal process, or a very small size of the region at the base of the flow, both quite challenging for the standard fireball model. These problems are resolved if the jet is initially highly magnetized and has a substantial Poynting flux.
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星期五, 十月 22, 2010

Opher 1997 NMGEC机制产生宇宙里的大尺度磁场

主要内容:

直接把磁偶极矩和角动量联系起来了,并且还几乎不含参数。

此文是产生1e-5Gauss的大尺度磁场,但是按说也能产生致密天体包括黑洞的高强度的磁场。

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Title:
Origin of Magnetic Fields in the Universe due to Nonminimal Gravitational-Electromagnetic Coupling
Authors:
Opher, Reuven; Wichoski, Ubirajara F.
Affiliation:
AA(Instituto de Astronomia e Geofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Miguel Stefano, 4.200, CEP 04301-904, São Paulo, SP, Brazil), AB(Instituto de Astronomia e Geofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Miguel Stefano, 4.200, CEP 04301-904, São Paulo, SP, Brazil)
Publication:
Physical Review Letters, Volume 78, Issue 5, February 3, 1997, pp.787-790 (PhRvL Homepage)
Publication Date:
02/1997
Origin:
AIP; APS
DOI:
10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.787
Bibliographic Code:
1997PhRvL..78..787O

Abstract

Basically the only existing theories for the creation of a magnetic field (B) in the Universe are the creation of a seed field ~10-20 G in spiral galaxy which is subsequently supposedly amplified up to the observed 10-6-10-5 G by a dynamo process or a seed intergalactic field of ~10-12-10-10 G which is amplified by collapse and differential rotation. No satisfactory dynamo theory, however, exists today. We show that a ~10-6-10-5 G magnetic field in spiral galaxies is directly obtained from a nonminimal gravitational-electromagnetic coupling, without the need of significant dynamo amplification.
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Xu 2009 用能量注入模型解释GRB060729的余辉

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Title:
Long-term continuous energy injection in the afterglow of GRB 060729
Authors:
Xu, Ming; Huang, Yong-Feng; Lu, Tan
Affiliation:
AA(Department of Astronomy, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China ), AB(Department of Astronomy, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China ), AC(Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China)
Publication:
Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics, Volume 9, Issue 12, pp. 1317-1323 (2009).
Publication Date:
12/2009
Origin:
IOP
DOI:
10.1088/1674-4527/9/12/003
Bibliographic Code:
2009RAA.....9.1317X

Abstract

A long plateau phase and an amazing level of brightness have been observed in the X-ray afterglow of GRB 060729. This peculiar light curve is likely due to long-term energy injection in external shock. Here, we present a detailed numerical study of the energy injection process of magnetic dipole radiation from a strongly magnetized millisecond pulsar and model the multi-band afterglow observations. It is found that this model can successfully explain the long plateaus in the observed X-ray and optical afterglow light curves. The sharp break following the plateaus could be due to the rapid decline of the emission power of the central pulsar. At an even later time (~ 5 × 10 6 s), an obvious jet break appears, which implies a relatively large half opening angle of θ ~ 0.3 for the GRB ejecta. Due to the energy injection, the Lorentz factor of the outflow is still larger than two even at 107 s after the GRB trigger, making the X-ray afterglow of this burst detectable by Chandra even 642 d after the burst.
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Cui 2009 伽马射线的辐射和平降阶段X射线的辐射有正相关性

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Title:
Towards the properties of long gamma-ray burst progenitors with Swift data
Authors:
Cui, Xiao-Hong; Liang, En-Wei; Lv, Hou-Jun; Zhang, Bin-Bin; Xu, Ren-Xin
Affiliation:
AA(School of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China), AB(Department of Physics, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China), AC(Department of Physics, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China), AD(Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA), AE(School of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China)
Publication:
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 401, Issue 3, pp. 1465-1474. (MNRAS Homepage)
Publication Date:
01/2010
Origin:
WILEY
MNRAS Keywords:
radiation mechanisms: non-thermal, gamma-rays: bursts
DOI:
10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15760.x
Bibliographic Code:
2010MNRAS.401.1465C

Abstract

We investigate the properties of both the prompt and X-ray afterglows of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) in the burst frame with a sample of 33 Swift GRBs. Assuming that the steep decay segment in the canonical X-ray afterglow light curves is due to the curvature effect, we fit the light curves with a broken power law to derive the zero time of the last emission epoch of the prompt emission (t1) and the beginning as well as the end time of the shallow decay segment (t2 and t3). We show that both the isotropic peak gamma-ray luminosity (Lpeak,γ) and gamma-ray energy (Eiso,γ) are correlated with the isotropic X-ray energy (Eiso,X) of the shallow decay phase and the isotropic X-ray luminosity at ). We infer the properties of the progenitor stars based on a model proposed by Kumar et al. who suggested that both the prompt gamma-rays and the X-ray afterglows are due to the accretions of different layers of materials of the GRB progenitor star by a central black hole (BH). We find that most of the derived masses of the core layers are Mc = 0.1 ~ 5Msolar, and their average accretion rates in the prompt gamma-ray phase are , with a radius of rc = 108 ~ 1010 cm. The rotation parameter is correlated with the burst duration, being consistent with the expectation of collapsar models. The estimated radii and the masses of the fall-back materials for the envelope layers are re = 1010 ~ 1012 cm and Me = 10-3 ~ 1Msolar, respectively. The average accretion rates in the shallow decay phase are correlated with those in the prompt gamma-ray phase, but they are much lower, i.e. . The re values are smaller than the photospheric radii of Wolf-Rayet stars. In our calculation, we assume a uniform mass of the central BH (MBH = 10Msolar). Therefore, we may compare our results with simulation results. It is interesting that the assembled mass density profile for the bursts in our sample is well consistent with the simulation for a pre-supernova star with mass M = 25Msolar. Send offprint request to: Enwei Liang (lew@gxu.edu.cn)
E-mail: xhcui@bac.pku.edu.cn

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Dado 2009 cannonball 模型解释高能辐射

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Title:
High Energy Photons From Gamma Ray Bursts
Authors:
Dado, Shlomo; Dar, Arnon
Publication:
eprint arXiv:0910.0687
Publication Date:
10/2009
Origin:
ARXIV
Keywords:
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics
Comment:
Added material, references and 2 new figures. Submitted to ApJ
Bibliographic Code:
2009arXiv0910.0687D

Abstract

Emission of high energy (HE) photons above 100 MeV that is delayed and lasts much longer than the prompt MeV emission has been detected from several long duration gamma ray bursts (LGRBs) and short hard bursts (SHBs) by the Compton, Fermi and AGILE gamma ray observatories. In this paper we show that the main observed properties of this HE emission are those predicted by the cannonball (CB) model of GRBs: In the CB model all the observed radiations in a GRB are produced by the interaction of a highly relativistic jet of plasmoids (CBs) with the environment. The prompt X-ray and MeV $\gamma$-ray pulses are produced by inverse Compton scattering (ICS) of glory photons -photons scattered/emitted into a cavity created by the wind/ejecta blown from the progenitor star or a companion star long before the GRB- by the thermal electrons in the CBs. A simultaneous optical and high energy emission begins shortly after each MeV pulse when the CB collides with the wind/ejecta, and continues during the deceleration of the CB in the interstellar medium. The optical emission is dominated by synchrotron radiation (SR) from the swept-in and knocked-on electrons which are Fermi accelerated to high energies by the turbulent magnetic fields in the CBs, while ICS of these SR photons dominates the emission of HE photons. The lightcurves of the optical and HE emissions have approximately the same temporal behaviour but have different power-law spectra. The emission of very high energy (VHE) photons above 100 TeV is dominated by the decay of $\pi^0$'s produced in hadronic collisions of Fermi accelerated protons in the CBs. The CB model explains well all the observed radiations, including the high energy radiation from both LGRBs and SHBs as demonstrated here for GRB 090902B and SHB 090510.
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Yu 2009 伽马暴的光度统计关系

主要内容:
一个系统的统计方法,可以应用到别的物理量上去。

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Title:
Gamma-ray Burst Luminosity Relations: Two-Dimensional Versus Three-Dimensional Correlations
Authors:
Yu, Bo; Qi, Shi; Lu, Tan
Affiliation:
AA(Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China ; Joint Center for Particle, Nuclear Physics and Cosmology, Nanjing University-Purple Mountain Observatory, Nanjing 210093, China), AB(Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China ; Joint Center for Particle, Nuclear Physics and Cosmology, Nanjing University-Purple Mountain Observatory, Nanjing 210093, China), AC(Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China ; Joint Center for Particle, Nuclear Physics and Cosmology, Nanjing University-Purple Mountain Observatory, Nanjing 210093, China)
Publication:
The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Volume 705, Issue 1, pp. L15-L19 (2009). (ApJL Homepage)
Publication Date:
11/2009
Origin:
IOP
ApJ Keywords:
gamma rays: bursts
DOI:
10.1088/0004-637X/705/1/L15
Bibliographic Code:
2009ApJ...705L..15Y

Abstract

The large scatters of luminosity relations of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have been one of the most important reasons that prevent the extensive applications of GRBs in cosmology. In this paper, we extend the two-dimensional (2D) luminosity relations with τlag, V, E peak, and τRT as the luminosity indicators to three dimensions (3D) using the same set of luminosity indicators to explore the possibility of decreasing the intrinsic scatters. We find that, for the 3D luminosity relations between the luminosity and an energy scale (E peak) and a timescale (τlag or τRT), their intrinsic scatters are considerably smaller than those of corresponding 2D luminosity relations. Enlightened by the result and the definition of the luminosity (energy released in units of time), we discussed possible reasons behind this result, which may give us helpful suggestions on seeking more precise luminosity relations for GRBs in the future.
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Zemp 2009 双致密星并合的宇宙学演化

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Title:
Halo Retention and Evolution of Coalescing Compact Binaries in Cosmological Simulations of Structure Formation: Implications for Short Gamma-ray Bursts
Authors:
Zemp, Marcel; Ramirez-Ruiz, Enrico; Diemand, Jürg
Affiliation:
AA(Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA ; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA ; mzemp@umich.edu ), AB(Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA enrico@ucolick.org), AC(Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA ; Hubble Fellow.; diemand@ucolick.org)
Publication:
The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Volume 705, Issue 2, pp. L186-L190 (2009). (ApJL Homepage)
Publication Date:
11/2009
Origin:
IOP
ApJ Keywords:
cosmology: observations, galaxies: formation, gamma rays: bursts, methods: N-body simulations, stars: formation
DOI:
10.1088/0004-637X/705/2/L186
Bibliographic Code:
2009ApJ...705L.186Z

Abstract

Merging compact binaries are the one source of gravitational radiation so far identified. Because short-period systems that will merge in less than a Hubble time have already been observed as binary pulsars, they are important both as gravitational wave sources for observatories such as LIGO, but also as progenitors for short gamma-ray bursts (SGRBs). The fact that these systems must have large systemic velocities implies that by the time they merge, they will be far from their formation site. The locations of merging sites depend sensitively on the gravitational potential of the galaxy host, which until now has been assumed to be static. Here we refine such calculations to incorporate the temporal evolution of the host's gravitational potential as well as that of its nearby neighbors using cosmological simulations of structure formation. This results in merger site distributions that are more diffusively distributed with respect to their putative hosts, with locations extending out to distances of a few Mpc for lighter halos. The degree of mixing between neighboring compact binary populations computed in this way is severely enhanced in environments with a high number density of galaxies. We find that SGRB redshift estimates based solely on the nearest galaxy in projection can be very inaccurate, if progenitor systems inhere large systematic kicks at birth.
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