Perna 2010 没有X射线耀发的暴可以否定掉一些模型

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（灭看懂否定掉了啥模型）

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Title:		Flare-less Long Gamma-Ray Bursts and the Properties of Their Massive Progenitor Stars
Authors:		Perna, Rosalba; MacFadyen, Andrew
Affiliation:		AA(JILA and Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA ), AB(Center for Cosmology and Particle Physics, Department of Physics, New York University, 4 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA)
Publication:		The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Volume 710, Issue 2, pp. L103-L106 (2010). (ApJL Homepage)
Publication Date:		02/2010
Origin:		IOP
ApJ Keywords:		accretion, accretion disks, black hole physics, gamma-ray burst: general, X-rays: general
DOI:		10.1088/2041-8205/710/2/L103
Bibliographic Code:		2010ApJ...710L.103P

Abstract

While there is mounting evidence that long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are associated with the collapse of massive stars, the detailed structure of their pre-supernova stage is still debatable. Particularly uncertain is the degree of mixing among shells of different composition, and hence the role of magnetic torques and convection in transporting angular momentum. Here we show that early-time afterglow observations with the Swift satellite place constraints on the allowed GRB pre-supernova models. In particular, they argue against pre-supernova models in which different elemental shells are unmixed. These types of models would produce energy injections into the GRB engine on timescales between several hundreds of seconds to a few hours. Flaring activity has not been observed in a large fraction of well monitored long GRBs. Therefore, if the progenitors of long GRBs have common properties, then the lack of flares indicates that the massive stars which produce GRBs are mostly well mixed, as expected in low-metallicity, rapidly rotating massive stars.

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