Nemiroff, Robert J. 2011 Fermi高能暴对量子引力等参数的限制

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包括了几种模型的限制。

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Title:		Limiting properties of light and the universe with high energy photons from Fermi-detected Gamma Ray Bursts
Authors:		Nemiroff, Robert J.; Holmes, Justin; Connolly, Ryan
Publication:		eprint arXiv:1109.5191
Publication Date:		09/2011
Origin:		ARXIV
Keywords:		Astrophysics - Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Comment:		5 pages, 2 figures, submitted to PRL, comments welcome
Bibliographic Code:		2011arXiv1109.5191N

Abstract

An analysis of four Fermi-detected gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) is given that sets upper limits on the energy dependence of the speed and dispersion of light across the universe. The analysis focuses on photons recorded above 1 GeV for Fermi detected GRB 080916C, GRB 090510A, GRB 090902B, and GRB 090926A. Upper limits on time scales for statistically significant bunching of photon arrival times were found and cataloged. In particular, the most stringent limit was found for GRB 090510A at redshift $z \gtrsim 0.897$ for which $\Delta t < 0.00136$ sec, a limit driven by three separate photon bunchings. These photons occurred among the first seven super-GeV photons recorded for GRB 090510A and contain one pair with an energy difference of $\Delta E \gtrsim 23.5$ GeV. The next most limiting burst was GRB 090902B at a redshift of $z \gtrsim 1.822$ for which $\Delta t < 0.161$, a limit driven by several groups of photons, one pair of which had an energy difference $\Delta E \gtrsim$ 1.56 GeV. Resulting limits on the differential speed of light and Lorentz invariance were found for all of these GRBs independently. The strongest limit was for GRB 090510A with $\Delta c / c < 6.09$ x $10^{-21}$. Given generic dispersion relations across the universe where the time delay is proportional to the photon energy to the first or second power, the most stringent limits on the dispersion strengths were $k_1 <$ 1.38 x $10^{-5}$ sec Gpc$^{-1}$ GeV$^{-1}$ and $k_2 <$ 3.04 x $10^{-7}$ sec Gpc$^{-1}$ GeV$^{-2}$ respectively. Such upper limits result in upper bounds on dispersive effects created, for example, by dark energy, dark matter or the spacetime foam of quantum gravity. Relating these dispersion constraints to loop quantum gravity energy scales specifically results in limits of $M_1 c^2 >$ 7.43 x $10^{21}$ GeV and $M_2 c^2 >$ 7.13 x $10^{11}$ GeV respectively.

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