Eichler 2014 解决光球层热辐射的效率太低的问题

主要内容:
说如果在内部的热辐射往外走的时候，是基本不会被外层的shell挡住的，因为当光子追上外层的shell的时候，是在很远的地方，已经光学薄了。

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下面是示意图：

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Title:		Cloaked Gamma Ray Bursts
Authors:		Eichler, David
Publication:		eprint arXiv:1402.0245
Publication Date:		02/2014
Origin:		ARXIV
Keywords:		Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Comment:		accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal
Bibliographic Code:		2014arXiv1402.0245E

Abstract

It is suggested that many $\gamma$-ray bursts (GRBs) are cloaked by an ultra-relativistic baryonic shell that has high optical depth when the photons are manufactured. Such a shell would not fully block photons reflected or emitted from its inner surface, because the radial velocity of the photons can be less than that of the shell. This avoids the standard problem associated with GRBs that the thermal component should be produced where the flow is still obscured by high optical depth. The radiation that escapes high optical depth obeys the Amati relation. Observational implications may include a) anomalously high ratios of afterglow to prompt emission, such as may have been the case in the recently discovered PTF 11agg, and b) ultrahigh-energy neutrino pulses that are non-coincident with detectable GRB. It is suggested that GRB 090510, a short, very hard GRB with very little afterglow, was an {\it exposed} GRB, in contrast to those cloaked by baryonic shells. \end{abstract}

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