Schulze 2014 GRB 120422A/SN 2012bz 的观测

主要内容:
它是一个光度不高不低的伽马暴（很多和超新星成协的伽马暴要么是光度很低的，比如980425，031203等，要么是光度很高的，比如080319B等）。
超级详细的一个观测文章。

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Title:		GRB 120422A/SN 2012bz: Bridging the Gap between Low- And High-Luminosity GRBs
Authors:		Schulze, S.; Malesani, D.; Cucchiara, A.; Tanvir, N. R.; Krühler, T.; de Ugarte Postigo, A.; Leloudas, G.; Lyman, J.; Bersier, D.; Wiersema, K.; Perley, D. A.; Schady, P.; Gorosabel, J.; Anderson, J. P.; Castro-Tirado, A. J.; Cenko, S. B.; De Cia, A.; Ellerbroek, L. E.; Fynbo, J. P. U.; Greiner, J.; Hjorth, J.; Kann, D. A.; Kaper, L.; Klose, S.; Levan, A. J.; Martín, S.; O'Brien, P. T.; Page, K. L.; Pignata, G.; Rapaport, S.; Sánchez-Ramírez, R.; Sollerman, J.; Smith, I. A.; Sparre, M.; Thöne, C. C.; Watson, D. J.; Xu, D.; Bauer, F. E.; Bayliss, M.; Björnsson, G.; Bremer, M.; Cano, Z.; Covino, S.; D'Elia, V.; Frail, D. A.; Geier, S.; Goldoni, P.; Hartoog, O. E.; Jakobsson, P.; Korhonen, H.; Lee, K. Y.; Milvang-Jensen, B.; Nardini, M.; Nicuesa Guelbenzu, A.; Oguri, M.; Pandey, S. B.; Petitpas, G.; Rossi, A.; Sandberg, A.; Schmidl, S.; Tagliaferri, G.; Tilanus, R. P. J.; Winters, J. M.; Wright, D.; Wuyts, E.
Publication:		eprint arXiv:1401.3774
Publication Date:		01/2014
Origin:		ARXIV
Keywords:		Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics
Comment:		30 pages, 17 figures, 9 tables; abstract is abridged; images are shown at reduced resolution; comments are welcome
Bibliographic Code:		2014arXiv1401.3774S

Abstract

At low redshift, a handful of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have been discovered with peak luminosities ($L_{\rm iso} < 10^{48.5}~\rm{erg\,s}^{-1}$) substantially lower than the average of the more distant ones ($L_{\rm iso} > 10^{49.5}~\rm{erg\,s}^{-1}$). The properties of several low-luminosity (low-$L$) GRBs indicate that they can be due to shock break-out, as opposed to the emission from ultrarelativistic jets. Owing to this, it is highly debated how both populations are connected, and whether there is a continuum between them. The burst at redshift $z=0.283$ from 2012 April 22 is one of the very few examples of intermediate-$L$ GRBs with a $\gamma$-ray luminosity of $L\sim10^{48.9}~\rm{erg\,s}^{-1}$ that have been detected up to now. Together with the robust detection of its accompanying supernova SN 2012bz, it has the potential to answer important questions on the origin of low- and high-$L$ GRBs and the GRB-SN connection. We carried out a spectroscopy campaign using medium- and low-resolution spectrographs at 6--10-m class telescopes, covering the time span of 37.3 days, and a multi-wavelength imaging campaign from radio to X-ray energies over a duration of $\sim270$ days. Furthermore, we used a tuneable filter centred at H$\alpha$ to map star formation in the host galaxy and the surrounding galaxies. We used these data to extract and model the properties of different radiation components and incorporate spectral-energy-distribution fitting techniques to extract the properties of the host galaxy. Modelling the light curve and spectral energy distribution from the radio to the X-rays revealed the blast-wave to expand with an initial Lorentz factor of $\Gamma_0\sim60$, low for a high-$L$ GRB, and that the afterglow had an exceptional low peak luminosity-density of $\lesssim2\times10^{30}~\rm{erg\,s}^{-1}\,\rm{Hz}^{-1}$ in the sub-mm. [Abridged]

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